23 Articles Published

1. INTERVAL TYPE-2 FUZZY LOGIC SYSTEMS FOR CO2 EMISSIONS FORECASTING: A PERFORMANCE COMPARISON

Authors: HERRINI MOHD PAUZI , LAZIM ABDULLAH

Abstract: This paper presents an application of fuzzy logic systems to forecast carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions. Interval type-2 TSK fuzzy logic system and Interval type-2 Mamdani fuzzy logic system were employed using a set of secondary data. Data of CO2 emissions in Malaysia and its related causal variables were collected over the period of 1971-2011. Six variables were considered as inputs to the models. Performances of the models were compared using error analysis. The analysis shows that CO2 emissions forecasting based on interval type-2 TSK fuzzy logic system is more reliable compared to Mamdani fuzzy logic system.

Keywords: carbon dioxide, error analysis, interval type-2 fuzzy logic system, forecasting

Pages: 1 - 5 | DOI: 10.15224/978-1-63248-053-8-01

2. APPROXIMATION OF MICROARRAY GENE EXPRESSION PROFILES BY THE STABLE LAWS

Authors: VIACHESLAV SAENKO , YURIJ SAENKO

Abstract: At the present time reliably established that probability density functions of gene expression of microarray experiments possess a number of universal properties. First of all these distributions have power asymptotic and secondly the shape of these distributions are inherent for all organisms and tissues. This fact led to appearance of a number works where authors are investigating various probability distributions for approximation of empirical distributions of gene expression. In the work the gene expression of various organisms are investigated which were obtained from microarrays of various manufactures. The probability density functions of the gene expression levels are approximated by the fractional stable distribution. The parameters of the fractional stable distributions were statistically estimated according experimental data. It is shown that for all investigated samples the experimental distributions have the power-law asymptotic. At the same time the fractional stable dist

Keywords: gene expression, microarray, stable law

Pages: 6 - 10 | DOI: 10.15224/978-1-63248-053-8-02

3. BIOLOGICAL SIGNALS TRANSMITTED BY LONGITUDINAL WAVES INFLUENCING THE GROWTH OF PLANTS

Authors: HEIDE SCHNABL , KONSTANTIN MEYL

Abstract: In the experiments presented the effects of transmitting information derived from the growth hormone gibberellic acid (GA) to peas over a distance of some meters have been measured. Transmission of the biochemical characteristics of GA was achieved through a carrier wave of approximately 6.78 MHz running along a copper wire comparable to a strip line from the gibberellic acid as the source of information to the exposed peas, which reacted by a statistically significant enhanced root growth. The measured averages of the germinating pea root lengths were compared to control values, i.e. values corresponding to untreated peas. While continuous GA transmission resulted in an average increase of root length by approximately 50-60%, a singular burst of 15 minutes could increase roots’ length by an additional 42%, raising the increase relative to the control group by as much as 125% in total. Both values could be established with very high statistical significance. In a third experimental set

Keywords: Peas, Cell Communication, Signaling, Scalar Wave, Magnetic Field.

Pages: 11 - 15 | DOI: 10.15224/978-1-63248-053-8-03

4. ADSORPTION OF PB(II) IONS ON SPIRULINA BIOMASS: AN ECO-FRIENDLY PROCESS

Authors: ALI A. AL-HOMAIDAN , ALJAWHARAH F. AL-ABBAD

Abstract: Heavy metals pose a serious threat as toxic pollutants in the environment. Lead poisoning has been reported to affect several human organs including heart, kidneys, bones, intestines and nervous system. Conventional methods employed to remove toxic heavy metals from environments are very expensive and cause many environmental problems. The use of non-living biomass of many microorganisms have been recognized to be very effective in biological removal of toxic substances. In this investigation, we report on the biosorption of Pb(II) ions from aqueous solutions by the nonliving biomass of the cyanobacterium Spirulina platensis. Propagation of the cyanobacterium was carried out in outside oblong raceway ponds. The biomass was cleaned, dried and used for the investigation. The effect of adsorbent dose, pH, temperature, initial concentration of Pb(II) and contact time by the dry biomass were studied. The experiments were carried out in triplicate in 250 ml conical flasks using an orbital in

Keywords: Biosorption, lead ions, aqueous solutions, Spirulina.

Pages: 16 - 16 | DOI: 10.15224/978-1-63248-053-8-04

5. OPTIMAL PROCESS OF OBTAINING OF BIOLOGICALLY ACTIVE SUBSTANCE FROM EUPHORBIA SOONGARICA BOISS

Authors: DARYA KUSHNAREVICH , DINA KASSENOVA , SLUKEN RAKHMADIYEVA

Abstract: СО2 – extract for removal of poisonous milk sap and resin was used in order to optimize the process of obtaining of the number of biologically active substance (BAS) from the herb Euphorbia soongarica Boiss., growing on the territory of Kazakhstan and having a wide range of biologic activeness. Component composition of СО2 – extract was identified with the method of HGLC (high gas-liquid chromatography). Hygrophilous components obtained from defatted product are represented by polyphenols, amino acids and carbohydrates. Their quantitative content was identified with the method of complexometry, spectrometry and amino acid analysis. Mineral composition was identified in ash residue.

Keywords: Euphorbia soongarica Boiss., BAS, technology, СО2-extract, methods

Pages: 17 - 21 | DOI: 10.15224/978-1-63248-053-8-05

6. RESPONSE TO OXIDATIVE STRESS ENABLES FISTULIFERA SOLARIS TO EFFICIENTLY PRODUCE BIOFUEL

Authors: MASAYOSHI TANAKA , PUI SHAN WONG , SACHIYO ABURATANI , TAKEAKI TANIGUCHI , TOMOKO YOSHINO , TSUYOSHI TANAKA , YOSHIAKI MAEDA , YOSHIHIKO SUNAGA

Abstract: Biofuel can be produced sustainably by oleaginous microalgae when they are grown in nitrogen limited conditions. Fistulifera solaris JPCC DA0580 demonstrates higher lipid accumulation as a percentage of cell weight than other diatoms in nitrogen limited conditions. These features make it a solid candidate for biofuel production so we compared the gene expression of F. solaris with its close relative and a model diatom, Phaeodactylum tricornutum. The gene expression of the two diatoms cultured in low nitrogen conditions were used to calculate the difference in fold change expression. We selected genes exhibiting significantly different fold change differences and divided them into groups based on the direction of the fold change. These groups were characterised by the gene ontologies of known genes within their respective groups and the degree of fold change differences between the two diatoms in each group. The gene ontologies and fold change differences helped to highlight the differe

Keywords: Fistulifera solaris, diatom, biofuel

Pages: 22 - 29 | DOI: 10.15224/978-1-63248-053-8-06

7. INFERRING GENES INVOLVED IN METABOLIC PATHWAYS BY USING SUPPORT VECTOR MACHINES

Authors: SACHIYO ABURATANI , SHOHEI MARUYAMA , YASUO MATSUYAMA

Abstract: The development of a method to annotate unknown gene functions is an important task in bioinformatics. The identification of the relevant genes to metabolic pathways is also helpful for understanding the genes. However, the relationships between metabolic pathways and genes are complicated. Thus, it is difficult to identify the relevant genes by linear models. In this study, we propose a new method based on the SVM approach, for inferring the genes involved in metabolic pathways from the gene expression profiles. To improve the classification performances of SVMs, we developed a method for finding the important interactions for classification, from a huge number of experiment combinations. The interactions selected by our method were added as new features to the training data set of the SVMs. Furthermore, feature selection by the Gini importance was applied, to avoid overlearning of the SVMs. To demonstrate the validity of our method, we trained SVMs with Saccharomyces cerevisiae gene

Keywords: metabolic pathways, gene involved in, gene expression profiles, microarray, interaction, support vector machines, SVM, Gini importance, random forests, machine learning, Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Pages: 36 - 40 | DOI: 10.15224/978-1-63248-053-8-07

8. RESILIENT DENITRIFIERS WINK AT MICROBIAL SELF-HEALING CONCRETE

Authors: NELE DE BELIE , NICO BOON , YUSUF CAGATAY ERSAN

Abstract: This study focused on identification of denitrifiers that can be used to achieve microbial self-healing concrete. By using heat treatment and minimal medium, 9 denitrifying strains were isolated from soil. Upon identification of the strains, their capability of handling dehydration stress was investigated. Qualifying 7 strains were further investigated at N:P ratio of 70:1. Finally, 2 strains, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Diaphorobacter nitroreducens, were selected and investigated at pH 7, pH 9.5 and pH 13 with and without protection. As a protective carrier diatomaceous earth and expanded clay were used. Significant activity observed at pH 9.5 and with protection both strains could survive pH 13 for 14 days and reduced 20-30 mg/L NO3- in 4 days after the pH adjustment to ~10. Overall, the results indicated that Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Diaphorobacter nitroreducens can resist mild heat, dehydration, starvation and relatively alkali environment, which are the main concerns in use of ba

Keywords: alkali pH, self-healing, Gram-negative, phosphorus limitation

Pages: 37 - 41 | DOI: 10.15224/978-1-63248-053-8-08

9. NI/SBA-15 CATALYSTS FOR METHANE DRY REFORMING

Authors: A. URDA , I. SANDULESCU , M. OLEA , R. AHMED , S. TANASOI

Abstract: Methane and carbon dioxide are the major components of biogas produced by anaerobic digestion of biomass and conversion of biogas to syngas is of great interesting for making use of the sustainable biomass resource. The present paper deals with catalyst development and testing for the dry reforming of methane (DRM). Three different SBA-15 supported nickel catalysts were prepared, with nickel loadings from 5 to 20 wt. %, using a mixture of nickel precursors (acetate and nitrate). A cobalt modified Ni catalyst was also prepared using sequential impregnation. The catalysts were characterized by SEM/EDS, XRD, TEM and BET measurement. The mesoporous structure of the SBA-15 support was maintained and good dispersion and reasonably high loadings of nickel nano-particles on the support were obtained for all prepared catalysts. These samples were tested against the DRM, at different temperatures and CH4:CO2 molar ratios, in order to assess their activity and selectivity. High methane conversion

Keywords: Ni-on-silica catalysts, Ni-precursor, DRM catalytic activity

Pages: 42 - 45 | DOI: 10.15224/978-1-63248-053-8-09

10. NI/SBA-15 CATALYSTS FOR METHANE DRY REFORMING

Authors: A. URDA , I. SANDULESCU , M. OLEA , R. AHMED , S. TANASOI

Abstract: Methane and carbon dioxide are the major components of biogas produced by anaerobic digestion of biomass and conversion of biogas to syngas is of great interesting for making use of the sustainable biomass resource. The present paper deals with catalyst development and testing for the dry reforming of methane (DRM). Three different SBA-15 supported nickel catalysts were prepared, with nickel loadings from 5 to 20 wt. %, using a mixture of nickel precursors (acetate and nitrate). A cobalt modified Ni catalyst was also prepared using sequential impregnation. The catalysts were characterized by SEM/EDS, XRD, TEM and BET measurement. The mesoporous structure of the SBA-15 support was maintained and good dispersion and reasonably high loadings of nickel nano-particles on the support were obtained for all prepared catalysts. These samples were tested against the DRM, at different temperatures and CH4:CO2 molar ratios, in order to assess their activity and selectivity. High methane conversion

Keywords: Ni-on-silica catalysts, Ni-precursor, DRM catalytic activity

Pages: 42 - 45 | DOI: 10.15224/978-1-63248-053-8-09

11. EFFECTS OF SOIL SALINITY ON SOIL SPECTRAL BEHAVIOUR

Authors: H. SEBNEM DUZGUN , HILAL SOYDAN

Abstract: This paper focuses on the utilization of Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer (ASTER) data to predict soil salinity. After the necessary geometric and radiometric corrections were implemented, it is aimed to model the changes of electrical conductivity of soil samples, with related spectral profiles extracted from the satellite data. An electrical conductivity meter was employed for measuring the salinity levels of extracts acquired from the saturated soil samples. Statistical methods (stepwise regression – backward elimination) were used to reveal the significant bands for soil salinity and to diagnose the soil salinity related variances through the spectrum. The correlation between the selected soil samples having highest and lowest soil salinity levels was found to be consistent with each other. There seems to be a negative relation with the increased electrical conductivity content and spectral responses in shortwave infrared region. Furthermore, multivari

Keywords: ASTER, Electrical conductivity (EC), Soil salinity

Pages: 47 - 49 | DOI: 10.15224/978-1-63248-053-8-11

12. COMPARISON BETWEEN TWO MOVING BED-MEMBRANE BIOREACTORS (MB-MBRS) FOR THE TREATMENT OF REAL SALINE OILY WASTEWATER

Authors: G. DI BELLA , G. FRENI , M.G. GIUSTRA , R. CAMPO

Abstract: The aim of the study is to evaluate the simultaneous effect of salinity and hydrocarbons on the performances of two parallel Moving Bed-Membrane BioReactor (MB-MBR) systems fed with real saline oily wastewater(slop). Different dilution factors were considered during the experiments. The first analysed MB-MBR system was characterized by the use of Linpor® carriers (MB-MBRI), the other one by AnoxKaldnesTMK1 carriers(MB-MBRII); in both systems an ultrafiltration membrane was used. The results showed a decrease of biological removal efficiencies for both systems mainly due to the total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPHs) playing an inhibitory role in the biomass growth; this was confirmed by negligible efficiencies in the removal of the TPHs. The analysis of the extracellular polymeric substances (EPSs) has highlighted a reduction of bound EPSs and a simultaneous increase of the protein fraction of the soluble microbial products (SMPs) likely due to the cellular lysis, as response to the increa

Keywords: biofilm; EPS; fouling; MBR; salinity; slops; TPH

Pages: 53 - 57 | DOI: 10.15224/978-1-63248-053-8-13

13. NONLINEAR METHODS OF DNA CODING REGIONS IDENTIFICATION

Authors: NATALIIA V. KUDRIAVTSEVA , PAVEL CHMELAR , VYACHESLAV A. TYKHONOV

Abstract: We used the higher orders spectra to improve observability of the coding regions. Smoothened spectrograms of the second and sixth orders were received. Efficiency of the proposed method for protein coding regions was estimated on 8000 samplings of DNA C. elegans F56F11.4. We used signal-to-noise ratio to evaluate the accuracy of the measures in predicting the coding regions.

Keywords: autoregressive models, DNA sequence, spectrogram, power spectrum density

Pages: 58 - 62 | DOI: 10.15224/978-1-63248-053-8-14

14. A MATHEMATICAL MODEL OF EXCLUSION ZONE BEHAVIOR

Authors: DRAGAN V. PETROVIC , KURT TOMANTSCHGER , ZORANA GOLUBOVIC

Abstract: Physical properties of ordered water in the vicinity of various hydrophilic surfaces are different in many areas, such as viscosity, charge, movement and characteristics of molecules in its composition. One of these diversities was shown in the experiments including UV-Vis absorption spectra, where was shown significant absorbance of water in this area at the wavelength of 270 nm. Mathematical model for examined absorption spectra based on the appropriate differential equation and conditions is formulated and presented in this paper. Derived model considerably corresponds to fitted normal (Gaussian) function for absorption spectra.

Keywords: exclusion zone, UV-Vis absorbance, mathematical model.

Pages: 63 - 67 | DOI: 10.15224/978-1-63248-053-8-15

15. CHEMICAL, CRYSTALLINITY AND MORPHOLOGICAL PROPERTIES OF OIL PALM TRUNK PARENCHYMA AND VASCULAR BUNDLE

Authors: CHEU PENG LEH , JUNIDAH LAMAMING , OTHMAN SULAIMAN , ROKIAH HASHIM , TOMOKO SUGIMOTO

Abstract: Parenchyma and vascular bundle of oil palm trunk were segregated manually and were evaluated for their holocellulose, α-cellulose, hemicelluloses, lignin and starch content accordingly. The functional groups, crystallinity and morphological characteristics were also studied using FTIR, XRD and scanning electron microscopy respectively. The results showed that oil palm trunks were found to be rich in the vascular bundle rather than in parenchyma. It was shown that the vascular bundle had a higher amount of α-cellulose compared to parenchyma which had a higher amount of lignin, extractives and starch. The XRD analyses reveal that the vascular bundle of oil palm trunk contain a high percentage of crystallinity index compared to parenchyma.

Keywords: oil palm trunk, parenchyma, vascular bundle, chemical composition, starch, crystallinity

Pages: 68 - 72 | DOI: 10.15224/978-1-63248-053-8-119

16. AG3PO4 ENHANCED TIO2 FOR VISIBLE LIGHT PHOTOCATALYSIS OF 2-CHLOROPHENOL IN WASTEWATER

Authors: JAMSHAID RASHID , M.A. BARAKAT

Abstract: Facile in-situ synthesis and characterization of stable Ag3PO4/TiO2 nanoparticles and their effectiveness for visible light photocatalysis has been reported. The surface morphology, crystal structure and chemical properties of the photocatalyst were characterized by using UV-vis-NIR spectroscopy, FSEM, XRD, XPS, TEM and nitrogen physisorption. The synthesized nanoparticles were polycrystalline with calculated energy band gap in the range of 2.3-2.5 eV. Deposition of Ag3PO4 over the surface of TiO2 resulted in stability increase and a significant shift in the UV absorption spectrum towards visible region. The photocatalytic experiments were performed under 112 W visible light irradiation (λ > 400 nm). The catalyst showed complete degradation of 15 mg/L 2-CP within 120 minutes while 92.5 % degradation of 25 mg/L 2-CP was achieved under optimized conditions. The study confirmed that Ag3PO4 /TiO2 has high potential for degradation of 2-CP from wastewater under visible-light irradiation.

Keywords: Ag3PO4 /TiO2 nanoparticles, 2-chlorophenol, visible light photocatalysis, wastewater

Pages: 73 - 77 | DOI: 10.15224/978-1-63248-053-8-120

17. EXCLUSION ZONE FORMATION IN FULLEROL-DEIONIZED WATER INTERACTION

Authors: CEDO LALOVIC , DURO KORUGA , ZORANA GOLUBOVIC

Abstract: Next to the hydrophilic surfaces, it is found existence of solute-free interfacial zones i.e. exclusion zones. It appears that their properties and structure are different than those in bulk water, and that their width can be up to several hundreds of micrometers. In this research is examined solution of hydrogenized carbon nanoparticles in which are added microspheres in order to observe if there will be exclusion of particles next to the nafion. It was shown in researches till now that exclusion zones develop near different physiological regions. The goal was to show that it will appear in presence of hydrogenized carbon nanoparticles.

Keywords: deionized water, exclusion zone, fullerol, interaction.

Pages: 78 - 82 | DOI: 10.15224/978-1-63248-053-8-121

18. SIMULATION AND OPTIMIZATION OF HEXAVALENT CHROMIUM ADSORPTION ON AUTOHYDROLYZED SCOTS PINE (PINUS SYLVESTRIS) SAWDUST IN BATCH AND FIXED-BED SYSTEMS

Authors: DIMITRIOS SIDIRAS , DOROTHEA POLITI

Abstract: In this work, column kinetics of Cr(VI) adsorption on autohydrolyzed (160-240 oC, 0-50 min) Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) sawdust were simulated, in order to optimize the potential use of this material for wastewater cleaning. The effect of the autohydrolysis time and temperature on the microstructure and the crystallinity of pine sawdust was investigated be means of SEM, FTIR, XRD and BET. The Modified dose response (MDR) adsorption column capacity q0 increased from 0.6376 to 23.71 mg.g-1, indicating that autohydrolysis treatment at 240 oC for 50 min optimizes the adsorption behavior of the material.

Keywords: adsorption, autohydrolysis, chromium, sawdust, column

Pages: 83 - 89 | DOI: 10.15224/978-1-63248-053-8-122

19. GUIDELINES FOR HYDRAULIC AND ENERGETIC ASSESSMENT IN URBAN LANDSCAPES

Authors: J. GARCIA-SERRA , J. MANZANO, M.A. JIMENEZ-BELLO , M.A. MARTINEZ GIMENO

Abstract: The study is focused on providing solutions for the management of water and energetic resources in parkland irrigation networks with the aim of minimizing consumptions originated by their use. An evaluation methodology based on indicators is proposed to assess energetic performance of the system. In the case the system is not managed properly from the energy point of view, an optimization irrigation scheduling by means of genetic algorithms is proposed to improve energy uses. The assessment protocol has been used in the irrigation network of the Universistat Politècnica de València gardens. Results showed that applying this methodology up to a potential saving of 26.8% in energy consumption could be achieved.

Keywords: Urban landscapes, irrigation efficiency, assessment, optimization, decision-making

Pages: 90 - 94 | DOI: 10.15224/978-1-63248-053-8-123

20. DEVELOPMENT OF AN AUTOMATIC MONITORING SYSTEM FOR THE ASSESSMENT OF WATER QUALITY IN GALING RIVER, KUANTAN

Authors: A.ABDULLAH, H. N. KIM , M. A. RAMLI, M.A. AZMAN , W.M.F WAN ISHAK

Abstract: The common approach in monitoring river water quality consists of manual sampling and transport the sample to the laboratory for chemical analysis. This approach although it is non-technical and easily reproducible, however it is increasingly difficult if the location of sampling located in remote locations and far away from the urban area. An effective water quality monitoring must be implemented for water resources management in order to overcome this severe condition towards the watershed. Without accurate and intensive data acquisition, the condition of water resources cannot be adequately assessed, effective preservation and remediation programs cannot be run and the evaluation to the monitoring program cannot be successfully evaluated. In this study. Generally, this instrument is used to measure about 10 of water quality parameters which are pH, dissolved oxygen, electric conductivity, turbidity, ammoniacal nitrogen, nitrite, nitrate, phosphate and biochemical oxygen demand. Thes

Keywords: Galing River, LOC, automatic monitoring, standard method APHA 1948

Pages: 95 - 99 | DOI: 10.15224/978-1-63248-053-8-124

21. QUALITY ANALYSIS OF BIO DIESEL PRODUCED FROM WASTE SOAP AND SOAP STOCKS (WSS)

Authors: .A. KHAN , M.HAMZA , S.Z.J.ZAIDI

Abstract: Biodiesel is a fuel of future which may be produced by adopting different methods. To deal with the future rapid increasing demand of energy and to handle the toxic greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, new ideas for the production of low cost biodiesel must be considered. Waste soap and soap stocks (WSS) have been used to produce biodiesel. The price of the process is much lower and considerable in contrast to vegetable oils and other possible alternatives. In this research work, a sample product of biodiesel was obtained by using commercially available soap stocks and soap wastes. In the above process, acid catalyzed trans-esterification multi stage process was applied to achieve greater level of conversion. Finally, important and significant fuel properties like Flash point, Pour point, Cloud point and Fire point were performed according to ASTM procedural standards. The overall results in light of above mentioned tests displayed that the quality of produced diesel from mixture of waste s

Keywords: Biodiesel, Waste soap and soap stocks (WSS), Fuel Properties.

Pages: 109 - 111 | DOI: 10.15224/978-1-63248-053-8-118

22. IDENTIFICATION OF MARKER GENES IN LEUKEMIA CANCER TYPES WITH MINIMUM THRESHOLD GENE EXPRESSION VALUE AND QUADRATIC DISCRIMINANT ANALYSIS

Authors: UZMA NAWAZ

Abstract: Attempts are still in full swing for the detection of differentially expressed genes and using the genes for the detection of early cancer. Each method is with its own simplicity or complexity with the results, yet to portray some degree of confidence level in the designation of a gene as being differentially expressed or not expressed. However, no one statistic is universally optimal and there is seldom any basis or guidance that can direct toward a particular statistic of choice for such complicated gene data. Identifying a subset of genes that are expressed differentially in leukemia types from a large pool of candidates’ genes generated by Golub et al(1999) in microarray experiment has been empirically demonstrated in the study. Principal component analysis on a Box-Cox transformed data exposed clusters of specific leukemia types. Taking into consideration the consistency of a gene expression the relative variance of each gene across the sample expression profiles is determined. A

Keywords: principal component analysis, relative variance, quadratic discriminant analysis.

Pages: 112 - 116 | DOI: 10.15224/978-1-63248-053-8-10

23. ANALYSIS OF ANTIMITOTIC ACTIVITIES FROM PHYTONUTRIENTS

Authors: PRIYANKA.RAVICHANDRAN

Abstract: Ayurveda, an ancient form of Indian medicine, speaks of several plant parts that cure different ailments when consumed. Here, we analyze different regularly consumed plant products to study their effect on mitosis. Several extracts were able to suppress mitosis, Areca nut was picked as a known mutagen, and turmeric and mango for their antimitotic activity upon eliminating other plant extracts. Preliminary analysis of a mixture of the mitogenic and antimitotic extracts showed that the antimitotic extracts were able to suppress the mitogenic activity of areca nut, indicating that the activity of areca nut is one of the factors that may be dependent on those targeted by mango and turmeric. Extracts prepared in absolute ethanol showed that the active ingredient is either inactive or absent in the ethanol extract. Two approaches were taken to identify the active ingredient. Firstly, the extracts were tested for the presence of known active ingredients, such as tannins, that are known to hav

Keywords: plant extracts, Preliminary, analysis, mixture, mitogenic, antimitotic

Pages: 35 - 39 | DOI: 10.15224/978-1-63248-009-5-94