22 Articles Published

1. LANDSLIDE HAZARD ZONATION OF SUNKOSHI -2 HIGH DAM PROJECT AREA USING QUANTITATIVE METHODS IN GEOGRAPHICAL INFORMATION SCIENCE

Authors: SAKUNDA OJHA , SOBIT THAPALIYA

Abstract: Landslides are one of the critical geological processes, which causes not only enormous damage to civil engineering structures such as hydropower plant, road, bridges, dams and houses but also lead to loss of life. The construction of hydropower projects involve disturbance to the natural slop making them vulnerable to landslides. Therefore, there is a need for landslide hazard zonation so that hazardous area could be stabilized before it escalates major disaster. The present study attempts to develop a landslide model by using multi-criteria decision analysis using Geographical Information Science (GIS) and remote sensing techniques. The proposed Sunkoshi -2 High Dam Project area was selected for the model implementation. Digital topographical data, regional geological maps, remote sensing image and field data were used as inputs to the study. The data layers represent the elevation, drainage, soil type, geology (geological faults and existing landslide), slope, aspects and land use.

Keywords: Landslide hazard zonation, multi-criteria decision analysis, quantitative methods in GI

Pages: 1 - 5 | DOI: 10.15224/978-1-63248-040-8-31

2. SELECTION OF FACTORS BY PLACKETT-BURMAN DESIGN FOR PRODUCTION OF LACTIC ACID BY LACTOBACILLUS RHAMNOSUS B14-2 IN CASSAVA FERMENTATION

Authors: CHIU-HSIA CHIU , KORAWIT CHAISU , TSAIR-BOR YEN

Abstract: Lactic acid is one of the functional and valuable compounds utilized in food, pharmaceutical, and chemical industries while Poly lactic acid (PLA) is a biodegradable polymer that has a variety of applications. In recent years, microbial conversion of renewable raw materials has become an important objective in industrial biotechnology. Among many raw materials available, tapioca starch is considered an interesting resource for lactic acid fermentation as it is costeffective and its availability is satisfactory. After being hydrolyzed, a hydrolyte of cassava (tapioca starch) containing high concentrations of glucose and a few other fermentable sugars was obtained. This is feasible for an efficient lactic acid production. The objective of this study was to screen and analyze important nutrient constituents was carried out using Plackett- Burman experimental design for production of lactic acid by Lactobacillus rhamnosus B14-2 grown in cassava fermentation. Plackett-Burman experimental de

Keywords: Lactic acid, lactobacillus rhamnosus B14-2, cassava, poly lactic acid, renewable raw material

Pages: 6 - 9 | DOI: 10.15224/978-1-63248-040-8-32

3. ENERGY SAVING POTENTIAL OF RADIANT COOLING FOR AIR- CONDITIONING IN BUILDINGS IN TROPICAL CLIMATE

Authors: NUPAKON KOTCHARAK , PIPAT CHAIWIWATWORAKUL

Abstract: In the tropics, air-conditioning in buildings is highly energy-intensive. Radiant cooling is considered to be a potential means to conserve energy from air-conditioning. This paper presents results of an experimental and simulation study on application of a radiant cooling system in tropical Thailand. The system used radiant cooling panels to extract sensible heat from the experimental room. Heat pipe run around-coil heat recovery was used to handle the latent load from ventilation air and enhance its performance. By modeling the system using TRNSYS program, the simulations show that the radiant cooling system can save energy high upto 19 percent compared to the conventional air conditioning system.

Keywords: Radiant cooling, Thermal comfort, Tropical climate, Heat pipe, Ventilation

Pages: 10 - 14 | DOI: 10.15224/978-1-63248-040-8-33

4. ENERGY ANALYSIS FROM DAYLIGHTING THROUGH DOUBLEPANE WINDOW WITH HORIZONTAL SLATS IN THAILAND

Authors: PIPAT CHAIWIWATWORAKUL , SOMWADEE WONGSIT

Abstract: This study evaluates the energy performance from the use of daylight through the window with horizontal slats installed between two glazing panes (slat window). Two mathematical models were validated with experiments and were adopted to determine the heat gain and the daylight transmission through the slat window under the tropical sky and climate. The results show that the daylight use from the slat window is energy efficient compared with the case of heat reflective glass that interior lighting is fully reliance on electric lamps. However, the daylighting through the slat window has to be implemented with care for shallow rooms with low values of required interior illuminance in order to avoid excessive heat gain to airconditioning system.

Keywords: Daylighting,Slat window, Heat transmission, Tropical climate.

Pages: 19 - 23 | DOI: 10.15224/978-1-63248-040-8-35

5. STABILITY OF NEURAL NETWORKS

Authors: GRIENGGRAI RAJCHAKIT

Abstract: We develop a new approach to the stability analysis of Hopfield-type neural networks with time varying delays in the presence of impulses. With the new approach, we improve and generalize some previous works of other researchers. We study stability of equilibrium points of impulsive systems which are either a generalization of those existing or new. This paper deals with the problem of delaydependent stability criterion of delay-difference system with multiple delays of Hopfield neural networks. Based on quadratic Lyapunov functional approach and free-weighting matrix approach, some linear matrix inequality criteria are found to guarantee delay-dependent asymptotical stability of these systems.

Keywords: Hopfield neural networks; Time-varying Delay; Stability; Quadratic Lyapunov functional approach.

Pages: 24 - 28 | DOI: 10.15224/978-1-63248-040-8-36

6. SYNCHRONIZATION OF LU CHAOTIC SYSTEM BY USING LINEAR FEEDBACK CONTROL AND ADAPTIVE CONTROL METHODS

Authors: GRIENGGRAI RAJCHAKIT

Abstract: This paper treats the chaos synchronization problem of chaotic Lu system via single variable information of the master system. By stability theory of cascade-connection system, the derived controller is featured as follows: (a) only single variable information of the master system is needed to transmit to slave system for synchronization; (b) the pre-knowledge of upper bound of the trajectory of the master system is eliminated; (c) the controller is linear feedback. Finally, the effectiveness of the proposed control law is also illustrated by the numerical simulation on Matlab environment as well as rigorous mathematical proof.

Keywords: Lu Chaotic System, Single Variable, Chaos Synchronization, Nonlinear Feedback

Pages: 29 - 32 | DOI: 10.15224/978-1-63248-040-8-37

7. EVALUATION OF THE ADSORPTIVE PROPERTIES OF COCONUT HUSK FOR OIL SPILL CLEANUP

Authors: AUGUSTINE OSAMOR IFELEBUEGU , ZENEBU MOMOH

Abstract: The removal of vegetable oil and diesel fuel from seawater using waste coconut coir was investigated by batch adsorption experiments at varying sorbent doses and temperatures. Maximum adsorption capacities of 7231 and 6530 mg/g were achieved for the adsorption of vegetable oil and diesel fuel, respectively. The water adsorbency was relatively high at 6540 mg/g which is a limitation in its potential field application for oil spill cleanup. The maximum adsorption capacities improved significantly by up to 22% with a corresponding reduction in water adsorbency when coconut husk was impregnated with human hair. The adsorption kinetics followed a pseudo second order kinetic model and fitted to the Freundlich adsorption isotherm model. The sorption capacity was found to decrease with increasing temperatures. This work demonstrated that with adequate modifications to improve its hydrophobicity, coconut coir can potentially provide a low cost environmentally friendly adsorbent for oil spill cl

Keywords: coconut coir, Adsorption capacity, oil spill

Pages: 33 - 37 | DOI: 10.15224/978-1-63248-040-8-38

8. SEPARATION OF CPO USING MEGASONIC CLARIFICATION SYSTEM AND COOKING OF PALM FRUITLETS USING ULTRASONIC HORN PRESS SYSTEM

Authors: J. MICHAEL GOODSON , TERRY LIM , VETRIMURUGAN

Abstract: n this study an eco-mill system with new technology was developed to overcome the current palm oil mill issues such as vast Palm Oil Mill Effluent (POME) ponds, large mill area, reliance on water supply, oil quality, oil loss, and energy etc. In eco-mill process two distinct technologies such as megasonic clarification system and ultrasonic horn press system was developed to replace the conventional clarification system and sterilization system. Megasonic clarification process can separate the Crude Palm Oil (CPO) more effectively without any dilution (no additional water required) and within short period of time with lowest temperature (~ 80 °C). This results in high quality oil with minimum oil loss. Ultrasonic horn press system can rupture the oil cells within the palm fruits and also press the oil emulsion out from the fruits within 20 sec with controlled temperature (~ 70 °C). These changes can influence POME treatment process and at the same time reduce the treatment cost signifi

Keywords: Palm oil, POME, Megasonic clarification, Ultrasonic horn press, Frequency

Pages: 38 - 42 | DOI: 10.15224/978-1-63248-040-8-39

9. CO2 REMOVAL FROM BIOGAS BY NOVEL MICRO BUBBLE DISSOLVING TECHNOLOGY

Authors: NAVADOL LAOSIRIPOJANA , NUTTHACHI PONGPRASERT , YATHIP THUPGLAM

Abstract: Biogas can be used directly to generate power, but the combustion is poor due to the presence of CO2. This paper presents the micro bubble dissolving technology as an alternative approach for CO2 removal. The system used the micro bubble swirl-type generator to dissolved CO2 in water. The pH meter used for study the carbon dioxide dissolved in water from micro bubble swirl-type generator with different total gas flow rate. The results showed that the change in pH decreases with increasing of total gas flow rate, but after 15 minute are stable levels that indicate the steady state of the system, water saturated with CO2. The micro bubble dissolving technology can use to remove CO2.

Keywords: Biogas, Micro bubble, Dissolved CO

Pages: 43 - 46 | DOI: 10.15224/978-1-63248-040-8-40

10. A SOLUTION FOR THE GENERAL ROUTING PROBLEM

Authors: HASSAN SHERAFAT

Abstract: In routing problems, the aim is to determine a least cost route for vehicles covering a specified set of locations, subject to some constraints. How the cost is calculated and minimized in these problems may include fuel consumption and other environmental criteria, such as pollution level. An example is determination of optimal routes for vehicles in solid waste collection in order to minimize the environmental impact caused by the vehicle itself. We address the problem in a broad level, known in literature as the General Routing Problem. Using a mathematical and computational model, in this paper we solve the problem of determining a least cost circuit which covers given subsets of arcs, edges and nodes of a mixed graph, subject to turn restrictions on nodes (restrictions that avoid bad turns of vehicles in real-life street networks). The well known problems, such as the Mixed Chinese Postman Problem and the Traveling Salesman Problem are particular cases of this general problem. Our

Keywords: Environment, Chinese postman problem

Pages: 47 - 55 | DOI: 10.15224/978-1-63248-040-8-41

11. MERCURY UPTAKE AND PHYTOTOXICITY IN TERRESTRIAL PLANTS GROWN NATURALLY IN THE GUMUSKOY (KUTAHYA) MINING AREA, TURKEY

Authors: AHMET SASMAZ , BUNYAMIN AKGUL , DERYA YILDIRIM , MERVE SASMAZ

Abstract: This study investigated Hg uptake and transport from the soil to different plant parts by documenting the distribution and accumulation of Hg in the roots and shoots of 8 terrestrial plant species, all of which grew naturally in surface soils of the Gumuskoy Pb-Ag mining area, with continental climate.

Keywords: Mercury uptake, wild plants, enrichment coefficient, translocation factor, phytoremediation, mining area

Pages: 56 - 60 | DOI: 10.15224/978-1-63248-040-8-42

12. STABILITY OF BIOHYDROGEN PRODUCTION AT EXTREME THERMOPHILIC (70 O C) TEMPERATURE BY AN UNDEFINED BACTERIAL CULTURE

Authors: FRANKLIN O. OBAZU , LUBANZA NGOMA , MICHAEL O. DARAMOLA , SUNNY IYUKE , VINCENT M. GRAY

Abstract: Through the incorporation of a solid-liquid separator in the form of 11.6 L settling column bacteria granular bed wash out was prevented for a 5.0 L thermophilic bioreactor system operated at high volumetric biomass densities, low hydraulic retention times and high degassed effluent recycle rates. Stability of the bioreactor operation in terms of volumetric hydrogen productivity (L H2/L/h), %H2 content and pH maintenance was readily maintained for 50 days. While volumetric hydrogen productivity increased with bacterial biomass density, both hydrogen yield (mol H2/mol glucose) and specific hydrogen productivity (L H2/g/h) declined with increasing biomass density

Keywords: Biohydrogen production, Expanded bed, Bacterial granules, Biomass density, Effluent recycling, Thermophilic.

Pages: 61 - 66 | DOI: 10.15224/978-1-63248-040-8-43

13. WATER POLLUTION STUDY AT CLAN JETTY, PENANG, MALAYSIA

Authors: MOHD ZAKWAN RAMLI, NORLELA ISMAIL , MOHD. SYAFIEE B. MUHAMAD RIDHWAN , NIK FUAAD ABLLAH , NIK MD. HARIS B. RIZANI , NOR RAIHANA BT. RAMLI , SITI NURSYAFIQAH BT. MOHD. ZULKAIRI , SUZEN SHAWAD

Abstract: As there is no sewerage facility at Clan Jetty, human waste is directly disposed of into the sea. As a place of historical interest and a tourist destination, seeing the human waste floating on the water surface and smelling the dirty water is not good for tourism. Rapid development in Penang has impacted negative environmental impact to the marine zone. Marine zone of the Penang is heavily polluted due to the activities of land reclamation and the direct sewage discharge into the sea (Sivalingam, 1984). The Water Pollution Study confirm that the most polluted area is the stretch which are the main drains leading into Clan Jetty shore. These are the drains along Lebuh Chulia, Gat Lebuh Armenian, and Gat Lebuh Melayu. The organic loads, measured in terms of BOD, COD, Oil & Grease, Suspended Solids are highest along these strips followed by the shoreline strip. The high E Coli concentrations along these strips confirmed that there is fecal contamination most probably from the partially t

Keywords: water pollution, Clan Jetty, sewerage, BOD, Cod, SS, UNESCO

Pages: 67 - 73 | DOI: 10.15224/978-1-63248-040-8-44

14. PHOTOCATALYTIC DEGRADATION OF TRICHLOROETHYLENE IN WATER USING NANO-ZNO/BUTADIENE COMPOSITES

Authors: CHANG HYUK AHN , DAE GYU JANG , JIN CHUL JOO , JONG KYU KIM , SAEROMI LEE

Abstract: According to the FE-SEM, EDX, and imaging analysis, nano-ZnO/butadiene rubber composites (NZBC) with various sizes and types of porosity and crack was measured to be coated with relatively homogeneous-distributed nano-ZnO particles. The sorption capacity of NZBC for trichloroethylene (TCE) was close to 60% relative to the initial concentration, and this result was mainly attributed to the amorphous structure of NZBC, hence the hydrophobic partitioning of TCE to the amorphous structure of NZBC intensively occurred. The removal efficiency of TCE in aqueous phase using NZBC was superior to close to 99% relative to the initial concentration, and the removal efficiency of TCE was improved as the amount of NZBC increased. These results stemmed from the synergistic mechanisms with great sorption capability of butadiene rubber and superior photocatalytic activities of nano-ZnO. Finally, the removal efficiency of TCE in aqueous phase using NZBC was well represented by linear model (R2≥0.936), a

Keywords: butadiene rubber, nano-ZnO/ butadiene rubber compo sites (NZBC), photocatalytic activity, sorption

Pages: 74 - 76 | DOI: 10.15224/978-1-63248-040-8-45

15. A GAME DEVELOPMENT FOR ANDROID DEVICES BASED ON BRAIN COMPUTER INTERFACE: FLYING BRAIN

Authors: MUSTAFA ULAS , ASAF VAROL , NILAY YILDIRIM

Abstract: The brain produces weak electrical signals that can be measured from the skull. Electroencephalography (EEG) is a method that provides monitoring electrical activity of the brain with the electrical methods. Brain Computer Interface (BCI) is a system that converts the electrical signals produced by the brain to the signals that can be interpreted by a computer or an electronic system. In the last decades, brain signals could be measured with systems requiring high costs, but nowadays, many EEG devices are available for personal use. These EEG devices and systems have their signal transformation methods. These EEG devices and their SDKs are available for developers and EEG devices are used for purposes such as playing game, psychological relief, monitoring body by daily users. In this study, 'Flying Brain ' game has been developed as BCI based and development stages have been discussed. NeuroSky Mindwave Mobile has been used as EEG device. The game is controlled by attention and meditat

Keywords: Brain Computer Interface, Electroencephalography, Mobile, Android, Game Development, Human Computer Interaction

Pages: 77 - 81 | DOI: 10.15224/978-1-63248-040-8-46

16. EVALUATION OF TCE DEGRADATION USING NEWLYDEVELOPED NANO-ZNO/ORGANIC SUPPORTS COMPOSITES

Authors: CHANG HYUK AHN , DAE GYU JANG , JIN CHUL JOO , JONG KYU KIM , SAEROMI LEE

Abstract: The photocatalyst nano-ZnO powder was fixed on organic supports to overcome drawbacks of photocatalyst powder used in aqueous phase as difficulty of recovery and reutilization. Although photocatalyst surface area fixed on supports was resulted in decline of photocatalytic efficiency, sorption capacity of the organic supports (silicone, ABS, epoxy, polybutadiene) expected that photocatalytic efficiency was maximized through synergistic effect both the sorption capacity of organic support and phtocatalystic mechanism of ZnO. The NZOC (Nano-ZnO/Organic Composites) was manufactured according to physical and chemical combination method. Before manufacturing NZOC, the raw organic supports were evaluated about sorption capacity of TCE, which is representative nondegradable organic material. Also, the developed NZOC was evaluated about 1) water resistance tests, and 2) photocatalytic removal efficiency tests of TCE. In the results of experiment, ABS resin was observed similarly with efficiency

Keywords: organic supports, silicone, epoxy, ABS, polybutadiene, ZnO, photocatalyst

Pages: 82 - 85 | DOI: 10.15224/978-1-63248-040-8-47

17. DEVELOPMENT OF BUOYANT PHOTOCATALYST BALL USING EXPANDED POLYPROPYLENE(EPP) AND TITANIUM DIOXIDE(TIO2)

Authors: CHANG HYUK AHN , DAE GYU JANG , JIN CHUL JOO , JONG KYU KIM , SAEROMI LEE

Abstract: In this study, immobilization of TiO2 powder to EPP ball with controlled-temperature melting method was developed. The photo activity of buoyant photocatalysts was evaluated using methylene blue solution under visible light irradiation(>420 nm). Based on the associated EDS analysis, the components of uncoated EPP balls are carbon and oxygen whereas those of TiO2-coated EPP balls are carbon, oxygen, and titanium, indicating that patches of TiO2 coating cover some part of EPP balls. Based on comparison of degradation efficiency between uncoated and TiO2-coated EPP balls under UV illumination, the degradation efficiency can be significantly improved using TiO2-coated EPP balls, and surface reactions in heterogeneous photocatalysis were more dominant than photoinduced radical reactions in aqueous solutions. Thus, TiO2-coated EPP balls were found to be an effective photocatalyst for photodegradation of MB in aqueous solutions. Therefore, buoyant TiO2-coated EPP balls can be used to treat co

Keywords: Expanded polypropylene(EPP), TiO2 , Buoyant photocatalyst bal

Pages: 90 - 92 | DOI: 10.15224/978-1-63248-040-8-49

18. MINERAL COMPOSITION OF CALLIGONUM APHYLLUM (PALL.) GUERKE.

Authors: DARYA KUSHNAREVICH , DINA KASSENOVA , SLUKEN RAKHMADIYEVA , INARA ICHSHANOVA

Abstract: first established mineral composition Calligonum aphyllum (Pall.) Guerke. in the ash residue of a plant, represented by 43 elements in aboveground and root parts by application of spectrometry method with inductevly coupled plasma. Content of heavy metals is within allowable limits.

Keywords: Calligonum aphyllum (Pall.) Guerke., mineral composition, MAC (maximum allowable concentration), heavy metals, metnod of spectrometry with inductively-coupled plasma.

Pages: 93 - 97 | DOI: 10.15224/978-1-63248-040-8-50

19. GENERATING WALKERGY SUPPLEMENT FOR STORING ENERGY IN THE BATTERY: BASIS FOR ENERGY CONSUMPTION

Authors: ARJAY CAPALARAN , DENIZON GO , EDRIAN UBIADAS , JEXTER FABRIGA

Abstract: Energy Consumption is one of the best ways to give emphasis for all nations. It has a great influence to save energy with the continuous stability, growth and development of certain country basis for strong foundations with the establishments of business, market, sales, production and other related aspect of transforming and using energy consumption deals with compassion of nonstop growing economy. Through this, electricity give light the whole nation because of the hightechnologically advance formulas of feasible machines, gadgets and etc. that we are using. Electricity empowers the economic growth and sustainability to stand alone. But on the other hand, too much consumptions of energy were observed throughout the nations. With this, Generating Walkergy Supplement in storing energy in the battery would be a way of energy consumption with the help of Piezoelectricity and Piezoelectric Effect. Piezoelectricity is the electric charge that accumulates in certain solid materials (such as

Keywords: Walkergy, Piezoelectricity, Piezoelectric transducers, Micro electromechanical, Energy Information Administration.

Pages: 98 - 102 | DOI: 10.15224/978-1-63248-040-8-51

20. A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF SUPERVISED CLASSIFICATION TECHNIQUES FOR DYNAMICS ASSESSMENT OF LAND USE AND LAND COVER IN THE BRAZILIAN AMAZON A CASE STUDY ON SETTLEMENT 26 DE MARçO

Authors: FLAVIA PESSOA MONTEIRO , JORGE ANTONIO MORAES DE SOUZA , MAURÍLIO DE ABREU MONTEIRO , NANDAMUDI LANKALAPALLI VIJAYKUMAR , PAULO ANDRE IGNACIO PONTES

Abstract: The Amazon is one of the most complex and diverse biomes in the world and their level of environmental preservation has global scope of impact. However, apart from the environmental aspects, the complexity of the region involves other different views such as: social, economic and cultural. Indeed, such views are inextricably linked, so that, for example, cultural aspects can affect the relationship between the land use and land cover and, in the case of Amazon, depending on the scale of these changes, there may be consequences planetary. Depending on the criticality involving the region, various government actions, organizations and social movements and the international community, has been trying to rationalize the land use and land cover, in order to create a sustainable relationship of exploitation of natural resources. An important government program is based on the creation of settlements, with their support, with regard to certain infrastructure financing, machinery, seeds and se

Keywords: Image Classification, LULC, LULCC, LANDSAT 5 satellite, 26th March Settlement, TerraClass, Decision Tree, Random Forest, SVM, CART, MPL.

Pages: 103 - 109 | DOI: 10.15224/978-1-63248-040-8-88

21. INVESTIGATION ON A DIRECT INJECTION DIESEL ENGINE FUELLED WITH BLENDS OF WASTE PLASTIC OIL WITH A THREE HOLE FUEL INJECTION NOZZLE

Authors: A. VEERESH BABU , M. VIJAY KUMAR , P. RAVI KUMAR

Abstract: Plastics have been one of the fastest growing materials due to versatility, wide range of applications and relatively at low. As the duration of useful life of plastic products is relatively small, a vast plastics waste stream is creating a serious environmental problem. Disposal of post-consumer plastics is being a serious constraint, a considerable demand for alternatives to disposal or land filling. Among the alternatives, production of liquid fuel would be a better alternative as the calorific value of plastics is comparable to that of fuels, around 40 MJ/kg. Other properties of the oil derived from waste plastics were also similar to the petroleum-based diesel. In the present work, blends of 20%, 40%, 60%, 80% Waste Plastic Oil (WPO) with diesel and 100% WPO are considered to investigate the performance, and emission characteristics in an existing diesel engine. For better understanding of the results, an injection time of 230 BTDC, 200 bar fuel injection pressure, and a 3 holes i

Keywords: Diesel, Wate Plastic Oil, Biodiesel, CI Engine, 3 holes fuel injector nozzle, Exhaust Analysers.

Pages: 110 - 114 | DOI: 10.15224/978-1-63248-040-8-93

22. INVESTIGATION ON THE PERFORMANCE AND EMISSION CHARACTERISTICS OF BIODIESEL (ANIMAL OIL) -ETHANOL BLENDS IN A SINGLE CYLINDER DIESEL ENGINE

Authors: A. VEERESH BABU , M. VIJAY KUMAR , P. RAVI KUMAR

Abstract: Biodiesel is consider as a potential alternative fuel for compression ignition engines. These are obtained from various resources. However, the usage of biodiesel blend in high percentages in compression ignition may cause some technical problems because of their higher viscosity, high pour point, and low volatility. Ethanol can be used as a fuel extender to enable the use of the higher percentage of biodiesel in CI engine. Blends of ethanol-animal fat oil biodiesel-diesel were prepared and experimental studies have been carried out. We have found that B40E20 fuel blend (40% biodiesel and 20 % ethanol in diesel) reduces the specific fuel consumption and improves brake thermal efficiency of the engine compared to B40 fuel blend. We observed that fuel characteristics improved considerably with the addition of ethanol to biodiesel. Emissions of CO, HC and smoke reduced while CO2 emissions were increased due to more complete combustion of the blend

Keywords: Diesel, Biodiesel, Ethanol, CI Engine, Engine Performance, Exhaust Emission.

Pages: 115 - 119 | DOI: 10.15224/978-1-63248-040-8-94