24 Articles Published

1. ENVIRONMENT FRIENDLY ASPHALT IN INDUSTRIAL ROADS (GREEN ROADS)

Authors: MUHAMMED HUSSAIN SHEARIYA

Abstract: Yanbu Industrial City is located 350 Kilometers north west of Jeddah. It possesses tourism features due to its location on a coastal line the red sea and hijaz hills. The red sea with its crystal water and attractive coral reefs welcomes the people who visit and frequent it for marine picnics, diving and several types of water sports. In this young city – just over 40 years became a center for modern industries. It plays a major role in Kingdom’s gross national income. Yanbu port includes the facilities that enable it export more than three (3) million barrels / day while its location near the Suez channel makes it an excellent access to European markets and the developing markets in Affric and Middle East. Yanbu, moreover is located in the middle of the distance between America and the countries of the pacific ocean. The main objective of Yanbu Industrial City Economic review is to gain better and current understanding of the city wide economic performances

Keywords: Environment, Friendly, Asphalt , Industrial Roads

Pages: 1 - 6 | DOI: 10.15224/978-1-63248-132-0-31

2. NATURAL AGEING OF ALUMINIUM PROCESSED BY TWIST CHANNEL ANGULAR PRESSING

Authors: LENKA KUNCICKA , RADIM KOCICH

Abstract: The method of twist channel angular pressing (TCAP) was invented with the aim to increase the efficiency of single pass severe plastic defo rmation (SPD) technologies. The study shows the structure of TCAP - processed aluminium after processing and the changes developed in the structure after a year of natural ageing at room temperature. The grain refinement after a single pass TCAP was very sig nificant due to effectively imposed shear strain; the majority of grains were smaller than 5μm. The grains further showed sub - structure featuring fine precipitates, accumulated dislocations and developed subgrains. Transmission electron microscopy of the o ne - year - aged samples showed increased precipitation; the precipitates acted as effective obstacles for grain growth and structure recovery. The microscopy results were supplemented with microhardness measurements, the results of which showed a significant hardening for the single pass TCAP, after which the average microhardness increase

Keywords: twist channel angular pressing, sub-structure development, microhardness, ageing, aluminium

Pages: 7 - 11 | DOI: 10.15224/978-1-63248-132-0-32

3. STABILITY ANALYSIS OF VARIATION SPAN AND TURNING ANGLE AGAINST WIDTH IN SUSPENSION BRIDGE

Authors: BAMBANG SUPRIYADI , IMANUEL ELVIS S. HADJOH , SUPRAPTO SISWOSUKARTO

Abstract: One of the critical issues for a long suspension bridge is the vibration induced by wind. The excessive vibration on long suspension bridge owing to bridge flexibility may cause the bridge ’s aerodynamic instability and vehicle accidents. Therefore, in the present study, the optimum ratio for the span and turning angle to bridge width was investigated. The analysis was carried out on bridge with total span of 470m, main span 270m and side span 100m, using variations of bridges width ranging from 9 m to 22m. SAP2000 program was used to analyze the stability behavior of the suspension bridge under wind load at speed of 35m/s. The results of analysis shows that the optimum ratio of spa n to width bridge is 0.034L or L= 29.375b . When the turning angle was taken into consideration in the analysis , it will result in increasing the bridge’s stability , decreasing natural freq uency of the structure a nd increasing stress es on the cable s . Further , it was a lso found that the deflection a

Keywords: suspension bridge, wind, vibration, stability analysis, turning angle

Pages: 17 - 21 | DOI: 10.15224/978-1-63248-132-0-34

4. ASSESSING WIND INDUCED STAY VIBRATIONS IN BRIDGES

Authors: ROBERTO CASTELLUCCIO , FILIPPO LANDI , PAOLO FORMICHI , PIETRO CROCE

Abstract: S tay vibration events have been reported all over the world on cable - stayed bridges. Cable vibrations cause bridge users discomfo rt and may also lead to bridge collapse. Aim of this study is to investigate relevant cable vibration ph e nomena directly induced by wind, such as buffet - shedding, dry inclined galloping and rain wind induced vibrations. The results are presented in terms of r e quired necessary damping to control the dynamic stability of stays for a significant case study

Keywords: cable-stayed bridge, cable vibrations, aerodynamics, bluff bodies

Pages: 22 - 26 | DOI: 10.15224/978-1-63248-132-0-35

5. CONTROL OF DYNAMIC STABILITY OF STAYS USING PASSIVE VISCOUS DAMPERS

Authors: FILIPPO LANDI , PAOLO FORMICHI , PIETRO CROCE

Abstract: Since cable vibrations cause cable - stayed bridge users discomfort and may also lead to bridge collapse, assessm ent and control of dynamic behavior of stays are key aspects in designing such a bridge type. Mounting viscous dampers close to deck anchorages is an efficient way to control all kind of cable vibrations. In the paper, relevant issues as parametric excitat ion, external excitation and cable - structure interaction are investigated in order to define the required damping ratio to control the dynamic stability of stays. The study ends with a damper design example, referring to a relevant case study.

Keywords: cable-stayed bridge, cable vibrations, cablestructure interaction, viscous damper.

Pages: 27 - 31 | DOI: 10.15224/978-1-63248-132-0-36

6. USE OF WEATHER GENERATORS TO ASSESS IMPACT OF CLIMATE CHANGE: THERMAL ACTIONS ON STRUCTURES

Authors: ROBERTO CASTELLUCCIO , FILIPPO LANDI , PAOLO FORMICHI , PIETRO CROCE

Abstract: As consequence of global warming extreme weather events might become more frequent and severe across the globe. The evaluation of the impact of climate change on extremes is then a crucial issue for the resilience of infrastructures and buildings and is a key challenge for adaptation planning. In order to assess changes in extreme maximum a nd minimum air temperatures, Regional Climate Models outputs and observed data series have been analyzed and a new technique for the assessment of climate model uncertainty has been developed. Considering different radiation scenarios , s ome results are pre sented for the Italian Mediterranean region proving the ability of the method to define factors of change for climate extremes as well as to assess their evolution in time , allowing at the same time to estimate the uncertainty range of the model . Extending the analysis to different climate models it will be possible to take into account in climate change impact study also model uncertainty in

Keywords: climate change, thermal actions, Eurocodes, extreme value, climate model, weather generator

Pages: 32 - 36 | DOI: 10.15224/978-1-63248-132-0-37

7. TEST RIG FOR WELDING DIAMOND WIRES INTO A LOOP

Authors: CLAUDIO ABILIO DA SILVEIRA , FABIO ANTONIO XAVIER , JOAO EDUARDO SOUZA DE CAMPOS , KONRAD WEGENER , RICARDO KNOBLAUCH , WALTER LINDOLFO WEINGAERTNER

Abstract: The multi-wire sawing of silicon using a steel wire coated with diamond grits (diamond wire) is an important process in the semiconductor and photovoltaic industry. The cut is performed in the industry by pushing a silicon ingot against a diamond wire web that moves in a pilgrim-mode (forwards and backwards). As the cut direction and cutting speed of the wire change multiple times during the operation, it is very difficult to perform a proper investigation of the cutting process. In order to study the multi-wire sawing of monocrystalline silicon (mono-Si), a new experimental setup has been proposed. Based on literature research and industry know-how, the main features necessary for the proposed wafering test rig have been defined as follows: i) use of a short wire looped segment; ii) cut with controllable constant wire speed and iii) permit to track specific diamond grains after each cut for wear analysis. In order to fulfill these prerequisites, the first step is to butt-weld diamond

Keywords: diamond wire, endless wire saw, butt-welding, resistance welding, wafering

Pages: 37 - 41 | DOI: 10.15224/978-1-63248-132-0-38

8. INELASTIC RESPONSE OF AN OVERHANGING STEEL BEAM

Authors: ANTOINE N. GERGESS

Abstract: Mechanical loads are sometimes used to bend steel beams for curving . For this purpose, concentrated forces are applied to deform the beam a bout its weak axis. This paper der ives equations to define the load versus residual deformation response for overhanging steel beams. Idealization of the circular curve based on the deformed shape is also presented. The process is verified by a numerical example.

Keywords: —inelastic, steel, deformation, beam I. Introduction

Pages: 47 - 51 | DOI: 10.15224/978-1-63248-132-0-40

9. DEVELOPMENT OF AN AR SYSTEM FOR EXCAVATORS : AR NAVIGATOR

Authors: DO HYOUNG , SHIN , KANG HYEOK , LEE

Abstract: The A ugmented R eality technology has developed across many different fields and attracted a lot of attention as an approach to increase the efficien cy of construction projects in the field of civil engineering for the last ten years. This study thus set out to develop an AR system called AR Navigator to increase the efficiency of excavators with t he use of AR technology. The AR Navigator was designed to perform three major functions to offer three types of visual information and provide excavator operators with information about changes to the field of excavation, distance between a bucket and the ground and between a bucket and the plan side, and the maximum operating radius of an excavator at an arbitrary posi tion. The development of the AR Navigator would hopefully help to increase the efficiency of excavation works and ultimately establish a basic system for construction automatio

Keywords: Augmented Reality, Excavator, Construction, Automation, Navigator

Pages: 54 - 58 | DOI: 10.15224/978-1-63248-132-0-42

10. THE EFFECT OF WALL OPENING SIZES ON UNREINFORCED MASONRY SUBJECTED TO DYNAMIC LOADING

Authors: RALMAR MARSH , TREVOR NEVILLE HAAS

Abstract: Low income unreinforced masonry structures in the southwestern region of the Western Cape Province of S outh Africa present a safety and economic threat if subjected to moderate intensity seismic activity. Previous experience and investigations conducted have shown the vulnerability to damage and/or collapse when these structures are subjected to moderate se ismicity. Most unreinforced masonry buildings in South Africa were constructed prior to the first codified provision for seismicity contained in SABS 0160 of 1989. Numerous other residential unreinforced buildings were constructed since then. To date these types of structures have not been evaluated for South African conditions, and concerns have been expressed whether these structures conform to the new codified guidelines contained in SANS 10160 - 4 of 2011, which is almost a verbatim repetition of the Euro pean code for seismic design. Before an analysis of unreinforced masonry buildings can be conducted, it is imperative to det

Keywords: Opening size, Unreinforced masonry, Failure frequency, Failure displacement, Dynamic loading

Pages: 59 - 63 | DOI: 10.15224/978-1-63248-132-0-43

11. ASSESSMENT OF STIFFENED ANGLE SHEAR CONNECTOR UNDER MONOTONIC AND FULLY REVERSED CYCLIC LOADING

Authors: ABDOLRAHIM JALALI , ALI TOGHROLI , ZAINAH IBRAHIM , MAHDI SHARIATI

Abstract: An experimental study was performed to investigate the behaviour of a newly prop osed shear connector named as stiffened angle shear connector. The connector is proposed to fulfil the deficiency of angle shear connector based on previous researches have been conducted by the authors [1 - 3] . The co nnector has been tested experimentally under monotonic and fully reversed low cyclic fatigue loading. In each series, four push - out specimens were tested covering different sizes of stiffened angle shear connector and different types of loadings. Later the comparison of the shear connectors’ performance in the case of with and without stiffener has been conducted. The results show not adequate ductility of newly proposed shear connectors, but much better performance in case of shear strength. All specimens have the connectors’ fracture type of failure since high strength concrete has been chosen to cause this fracture for better investigation. The newly proposed shear connector showed She

Keywords: Shear connector; Stiffened angle connector; Shear resistance; Push-out test; Cyclic loading; Ductility; Fully reversed; Low cyclic fatigue loading;

Pages: 64 - 68 | DOI: 10.15224/978-1-63248-132-0-44

12. RUN UP OVER BREAKWATERS WITH DIFFERENT PLACEMENT METHOD OF CUBE UNITS

Authors: CIHAN GULTEKIN , ESIN CEVIK , YALCIN YUKSEL , MUGE GULVER GULTEKIN

Abstract: The study presents the results of an experimental study of wave run - up over the breakwaters with cube units havi ng different porosity due to different placement method. The cube units were placed by double pyramid method. By using this method two different porosities were obtained. For the first placement the porosity was 33% and for the second placement the porosit y was 43%. The laboratory tests on cube breakwaters exposed irregular waves were studied. The results of the tests showed that the placement configuration of cube units had an important impact on wave run - up.

Keywords: breakwater, run–up, cube units, porosity, irregular wave.

Pages: 69 - 71 | DOI: 10.15224/978-1-63248-132-0-47

13. CONSIDERATIONS REGARDING MULTI-CHANNEL SHEET HYDROFORMING

Authors: VIOREL PAUNOIU , VIRGIL TEODOR , CATALINA MAIER , NICUSOR BAROIU

Abstract: The paper introduces a new concept in sheet metal forming, which is multichannel sheet hydroforming technology. The new con cept assures an improving of the flexibility of the hydroforming technology as well as an increasing of the productivity. This concept is based on the use of a high fluid pressure that is transmitted through a number of channels to the same number of defor mation cells. The experimental and numerical results validate the new technology concept.

Keywords: sheet hydroforming, unconventional forming, numerical simulation, sheet metal, deep drawing

Pages: 86 - 90 | DOI: 10.15224/978-1-63248-132-0-49

14. NUMERICAL PREDICTION ON TWO PHASE FLOW THROUGH AN 180° PIPE BEND

Authors: A N MULLICK , B B NAYAK , D CHATTERJEE

Abstract: A three dimensional numerical study of flow characterized of fly ash - water slurry in a horizontal 180 ̊ pipe bend having radius ratio of 5 .6 is described in this paper. The flow constitutes the fly ash particles of size 13 μm in water at velocities ranging between 1.0 - 5.0 m/s and particle concentrations ranging between 10 - 50% by volume for each velocity of flow. The numerical simulation is c arried out by deploying the Eulerian Multiphase Model of CFD code in ANSYS Fluent code. The results illustrate that the overall pressure drop is 62% in the pipe bend at all particle velocities and concentrations. The velocity and concentration distribution s at various positions (0 ̊, 90 ̊ and 180 ̊) of the bend were illustrated.

Keywords: U-bend, two phase flow, numerical simulation. Eulerian Multiphase approach

Pages: 91 - 94 | DOI: 10.15224/978-1-63248-132-0-55

15. INVESTIGATION ON COMPOSITE POLYMER AND SILICA FUME–RUBBER AGGREGATE PERVIOUS CONCRETE

Authors: ALI TOGHROLI , ZAINAH IBRAHIM , MAHDI SHARIATI , MOHAMED REHAN BIN KARIM

Abstract: Many researchers are trying to obtain a pervious concrete with better physical and mechanical properties to be used in pavement. To achieve the optimized pervious concrete, different researchers have been using different materials, especially those waste materials which are existing worldwide, specifically in the compactly populated area s. Discarded tires are among them and rubber tire particles are being currently used to be considered as recycled waste materials. In this paper a combination of polymer, silica fume and rubber aggregate from rubber tire particles were used to obtain an op timized pervious concrete. The produced concrete’s properties were studied. The results indicate that this pervious concrete with the optimum replacing ratio of silica fume, polymer and rubber aggregate to mineral aggregate has higher flexural and compress ive strength. The relative flexural and compressive strength of this pervious concrete has been increased 31% and 18% compared to the mineral aggr

Keywords: Polymer, Silica fume, Rubber, Pervious concrete, Porosity, Permeability, Strengths, Stress–strain, Abrasion resistance, Impact resistance

Pages: 95 - 99 | DOI: 10.15224/978-1-63248-132-0-56

16. COMBINATION OF FUELS FOR IMPROVED THRUST

Authors: ADITYA ANNAVARAM , KARTHIK SHARMA TUMULURI , KARTHIK SHARMA TUMULURI

Abstract: Fuel is one of the research areas of major focus in recent days. This review paper is based on the principle that it may be possible to grow our way out of an energy crisis with renewable, recyclable plant - based fuels. In turbine aircraft , combust ion process acts on fan blades that either turn s a propeller or cr eate thrust by accelerating gas. The fuel used is jet fuel (jet - A, jet - 1A, jet - B). Biofuels have to replicate the characteristics of jet fuels in order to place a claim as future aviation fu el. The biggest challenge is to find out a renewable fuel which fits the bill. One such biofuel in the race is the 3 rd generation ‘algae’. There are few technical and legal issues in using algae for production of biofuel and they are: Technical issues: Die sel fuel stability (extremely high flash point and low volatility), Fuel freezing point temperature, Lack of lubricity, Low energy density. Legal issues: Renewable fuel standard, Clean air act, Toxic substance control act, Cle

Keywords: Biofuel, halophytic algae, MATLAB, carbon dioxide emission

Pages: 100 - 104 | DOI: 10.15224/978-1-63248-132-0-57

17. VELOCITY FIELDS OF EXTERNAL AND BOUNDARY-LAYER FLOWS DURING RUN-UP PHASE OF A SOLITARY WAVE TRAVELING ON A SLOPING BEACH

Authors: HAN-CHANG LING , MING-JER KAO , WEI-YING WONG

Abstract: The characteristics of velocity fields of the external and boundary layer flo ws during run - up motion of a non - breaking solitary wave propagating over a 1:3 sloping beach are explored experiment ally. Flow visualization technique (FVT) of particle trajectory photography and high - speed particle image velocimetry (HSPIV) were employed to qualitatively observe and quantitatively measure the macro - viewed external and micro - viewed boundary layer flow fields . The experiments were conducted in wave flume equipped with a wave maker being triggered by a precise servo - motor . The incident wave - h eight to water - depth ratio s , H 0 / h 0 , is equal to 0. 363 . The slope of the sloping beach model is fixed at 1 :3. Profoundly d istinct characteristics of flow fields around the flow demarcation curve s, as observed respectively from the macro - view ed external flow and the micro - viewed boundary layer flow , are first interpreted, together with eluci dation of the flow reversal ex

Keywords: velocity field, flow visualization, high-speed particle image velocimetry, wall jet

Pages: 105 - 109 | DOI: 10.15224/978-1-63248-132-0-58

18. AN EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF FLUID DYNAMICS OF STALL DELAY ON THE BLADE OF A HORIZONTAL-AXIS WIND TURBINE*

Authors: SHAOQIONG YANG , YANHUA WU , ZHANQI TANG

Abstract: Fluid dynamics of the stall delay phenomenon is studied experimentally in this work on a horizontal - axis wind turbine (HAWT) blade. The 3D - printed blade is produced from a downscaled model of a 5kW HAWT. Its rotational motion in the test section of wind tunnel is precisely controlled by a programmable motor. Both mean static pressures and dynamic pressur es are measured on the suction surface at the spanwise location of 0.25R of the blade at two different global tip speed ratios (TSR) of 3 and 5. The TSR of 3 corresponds to a large angel of attack (AOA) at 30 degrees where the flow is fully separated. The other TSR of 5 corresponds to a smaller AOA of 15 degrees. Planar time - resolved particle image velocimetry measurements at 0.25R for the above two TSRs were performed to study the dynamics of the separated flows when the stall is delayed on the rotating bl ade. The Reynolds numbers at these two TSRs, based on the half chord length of the blade and its relative velocity, are 8683

Keywords: Stall delay, horizontal-axis wind turbine, static pressure, dynamic pressure, time-resloved particle image velocimetery

Pages: 110 - 114 | DOI: 10.15224/978-1-63248-132-0-59

19. EFFECT OF NOBLE METALS ON THE PROPERTIES OF NANOCOMPOSITES BASED ON SILICON STRUCTURES AND TITANIUM DIOXIDE, SYNTHESIZED FOR SOLAR COLLECTORS

Authors: STEFAN KIRILOV KARTUNOV

Abstract: This article analyzes the developments on the subject and draws conclusions for the study 1722/М - 2017 . Most metals are highly chemically reactive, especially at nanoscale, without having properties that can be easily used with TiO 2 composites. As such, most of the metals below will be considered metal oxides of precious metals. In addition, the most common oxide TiO 2 will be discussed, as other oxides are probably unstable and thus do not form stable composites.

Keywords: nanocomposites , silicon structures, titanium dioxide

Pages: 111 - 115 | DOI: 10.15224/978-1-63248-132-0-61

20. DEVELOPING A PUBLIC-PRIVATE PARTNERSHIP PERFORMANCE FRAMEWORK FOR TRANSPORT AND HEALTH SECTOR STAKEHOLDERS IN THE UK AND GHANA

Authors: EMMANUEL DONKOH , MARTINA MURPHY , ROBERT EADIE

Abstract: P ublic Private Partnership s (PPP) have been used in the constr uction industry to deliver critical infrastructure projects in various sectors. PPPs performance improvement is a current stakeholder concern due to numerous project failure s . T his research compares PPP s transport and health sector infrastructure in the Un ited Kingdom and Ghana to produce a sustainable performance improvement model. The r esearch aim is twofold: first, to develop an empirical performance improvement model for PPP best practice implementation for the UK and Ghanaian transport and health se cto r s . Second ly , it will examine and compare the UK and Ghanaian PPP transport and health sector stakeholders’ Critical Success Factors (CSF) and risks. A r igorous literature review on complex IPs was conducted into PPP transport and health sectors to identif y stakeholders CSF and risks in infrastructure sector projects. Four (4) Delphi expert panel s and statistical analysis will be used to identify the CSF

Keywords: Public Private Partnership, PPP, Transport, Health, Stakeholder management, Best practice.

Pages: 118 - 122 | DOI: 10.15224/978-1-63248-132-0-62

21. EFFECT OF STATIC SEISMIC LOADING AND UPLIFT PARAMETERS ON THE STABILITY OF A CONCRETE GRAVITY DAM

Authors: PRASANNA KUMAR KHAUND , SUKANYATALUKDAR

Abstract: A concrete gravity dam is a major hydraulic structure which resists all external forces by its weight. Consideration of earthquake force is a major concern for the construction of major structures like dams. The main objective of this study is to obtain the design base width of a dam for different seismic conditions by varying the earthquake coefficients in both vertical and horizontal directions. This has been done by equating the different factors of safety for a dam with their limiting conditions under both tail water and no tail water condition. The shape of the Mettur dam in India is considered for the study. In the study the base width was calculated using Newton Raphson method in C++ and their variation plotted. A study on the variation of uplift pressure with change in the position of drainage gallery and the total uplift force and moments were obtained. A comparison was done in the design base width obtained for a particular case of earthquake without drainage g allery to the

Keywords: Base Width, Horizontal Earthquake Coefficient, Tail Water, Uplift, Vertical Earthquake Coefficient

Pages: 42 - 46 | DOI: 10.15224/978-1-63248-132-0-39

22. ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE APPLIED TO THE REDUCTION OF ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT IN THE CONSTRUCTION OF HIGH-SPEED RAIL INFRASTRUCTURES

Authors: ALBERTO MORAL , FRANCISCO CAMPO , GREGORIO SAINZ-PALMERO , JOSE M. BENITEZ , LAURA PABLOS , MANUEL PARRA , MARTA GALENDE , RUBEN CARNERERO

Abstract: The development of a society is closely related to the quantity and quality of its infrastructures. Investment in infrastructures such as transport, energy, telecommunications are vital to the development of a country. It is estimated that global demand for mobility and transport infrastructure for 2050 will be raised by 60% compared to 2010 data [1] . This means a very significant increase in the number of kilometers of roads and railways to build in the coming years. The report “ Green House Gases EU Tran sport Emissions: Routes to 2050 ” [2] indicated that 28% of total emissions associated with rail transport are due to infrastructure. Nearly half of these emissions are caused during the infrastructure construction process. Most of these emissions are mainl y due to material production , transport and earthmoving. The construction of sustainable transport infrastructures is a growing priority in the policies of many countries around the world, including aspects such as social, envir

Keywords: intelligent analisys, carbon footprints, water footprints, high-speed train, jobs scheduling, multi-objective, environmental impact

Pages: 52 - 53 | DOI: 10.15224/978-1-63248-132-0-41

23. RESPONSE OF REINFORCED CONCRETE STRUCTURE SUBJECTED TO BLAST LOADS WITHOUT AND WITH STEEL FIBERS

Authors: ALINA BENNY , GEORGY JOB , RAGHUNANDAN KUMAR R , SUNNY DEV K

Abstract: Analysis of Reinforced Concrete Structures subjected to blast loads in the commercial domain has gained importance due the frequency in which such buildings and structures are being targeted by the terrorists which not only causes serious damage to the struc tures but also has resulted in loss of precious hu man life . Though the potential targets and the damages it causes to the structures may be difficult to predict, it is important to consider the blast load in addition to the conventional loads considered in the analysis and design of buildings to minimize the damage caused either due to manmade or accidental blasts. A study is undertaken to compare the effect of inclusion of steel fibers of varying percentages, when subj ected to blast loads at different standoff distance s of 3m, 6m and 9m by varying the ch arge weights when compared to the reinforced concrete with M25 grade at the same standoff distances and charge weights . The variations of the high strain s and the lateral de

Keywords: Steel Fibers, Blast load, RC Structure, TNT, Standoff distance and High strains.

Pages: 72 - 85 | DOI: 10.15224/978-1-63248-132-0-48

24. THE EFFECT OF WALL OPENING SIZES ON UNREINFORCED MASONRY SUBJECTED TO DYNAMIC LOADING

Authors: RALMAR MARSH , TREVOR NEVILLE HAAS

Abstract: Low income unreinforced masonry structures in the southwestern region of the Western Cape Province of S outh Africa present a safety and economic threat if subjected to moderate intensity seismic activity. Previous experience and investigations conducted have shown the vulnerability to damage and/or collapse when these structures are subjected to moderate se ismicity. Most unreinforced masonry buildings in South Africa were constructed prior to the first codified provision for seismicity contained in SABS 0160 of 1989. Numerous other residential unreinforced buildings were constructed since then. To date these types of structures have not been evaluated for South African conditions, and concerns have been expressed whether these structures conform to the new codified guidelines contained in SANS 10160 - 4 of 2011, which is almost a verbatim repetition of the Euro pean code for seismic design. Before an analysis of unreinforced masonry buildings can be conducted, it is imperative to det

Keywords: Failure frequency, Failure displacement, Dynamic loading

Pages: 59 - 63 | DOI: 10.15224/978-1-63248-132-0-43